Thanks to all who helped out earlier with these questions. This is what I've put together and I'd love feedback if you can find the time. The teacher told me,
<i>"You are missing some important ideas, but this is a good start as it allows you to sift through what needs to stay, what needs to be changed, what needs to be added, and what needs to be further explained. Keep thinking about these questions and expand on the big-picture ideas behind these questions. What connections can you make? What do these specific ideas mean and why are they important/significant? And, focus a bit more on the interpretation part of these questions (see final exam), as this is the most important part of the final."</i>
I don't understand what I'm missing or the big picture ideas she wants me to expand on. If anyone can think of anything, I WELCOME it!!! Thanks
1. Many historians compare and contrast Puritan times to what is known as the revolutionary times (American enlightenment and American Revolution). Compare and contrast Puritan culture with the revolutionary culture. What differences do you see in the societal emphases of both times?
During the early and mid 1600's, Puritans believed that God had supreme authority over human affairs, especially within the church. This line of thinking forced them to pursue moral purity as well as religious purity. The writings contained within the Bible were the origin of many Puritan cultural ideas, specifically regarding the roles of men and women in their society. In the Puritan society, both men and women carried the "stain" of sin, although the Puritans believed that Eve's corruption extended to all women and that justified their "poor" treatment of women within the church. The puritan society had very little tolerance for other religious views.
John Winthrop's writing, "A Model of Christian Charity", written in 1630 outlines the manner in which a Puritan citizen should follow. It is his belief that "God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, as in all times some must be rich some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity; others mean and in subjection" (1) and he believes this because each person needs to do the work of God, and will not be made "more honorable than another or more wealthy, etc. out of any particular and singular respect to himself but for the glory of his Creator" (John Winthrop 1). The Puritan's values, beliefs and daily actions were all in accordance with their interpretation of God's will and his writings in scripture.
During the revolutionary times of the late 1700's (1775-1783), many religions were attracted to the ideas of the new America. While the Puritan times focused so heavily on one religion, the concept behind the American Revolution was freeness of government and freeness of self. During revolutionary times, they just wanted to be able to govern themselves and their new society without interference from the monarchy. "No taxation without representation" was coined in the period from 1763-1775, which relayed the number one complaint that American colonists had. They were vocal and publically demonstrated their opinion about the taxes that were imposed by Parliament without the consent of the colonists. They argued that this taxation violated the rights of Englishmen. This was because the colonies had no representation in Parliament, although the British argued that they were "virtually" represented-which they (the British) argued was satisfactory for the term "representation". The revolutionary period was a much more liberal period compared to the Puritan times. There were a number of colonists fighting for and voicing their opinions about rules being imposed upon them. This fighting and voicing of opinions is something that would not be allowed during Puritan times.
In order to become a member of a church, the Puritan church required that its members not only lead godly lives but they must also demonstrate that they have experienced true evidence of the workings of God. They had to give an account of this experience before they could be given full church membership. Because women were not permitted to speak in church after 1636, they could not share their experiences. This gave the Puritan men a strong upper-hand in the society, not just within the church. Although women were by no means considered equal to men during the revolutionary period, they had many more freedoms and liberties than their female counterparts in Puritan times.
The Puritans believed that each person should be continually reformed by the grace of God, and that they must lead an obedient and humble life. The revolutionary times gave a number of opportunities for religious freedom and respect was given to/for a variety of beliefs.
Cotton Mather described an opinion of the Puritan society regarding women who failed to regularly attend church. It was believed that they were witches and that they should be hung. Women in this time were often asked if they believed in God, and were asked to recite the Lords prayer. Doing so would allow those in question to either free themselves of the accusations brought against them, or damn themselves to conviction. During the revolutionary period, women were not scrutinized so closely. Church attendance became more of an option and a number of different religious beliefs were introduced, practiced and respected.
In Out of Many, the Puritans are described as the English followers of John Calvin and that their purpose was to reform and purify the English church. Puritans stressed the importance of order within the community, and social status was very important to this culture. They often participated in the selection of mates for their children, and the children were usually married off respective to their birth order. The revolutionary times were so very different from the Puritan times. The revolutionary period was all about changes and doing things differently, there weren't "witch hunts" against women who spoke out or didn't attend church, and women were allowed many more liberties and freedoms than they had during the Puritan times.
The American Revolution began in 1775 (also known as the War of Independence). The tensions between the British and Americans during this time lead to the writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The British finally surrendered on October 19, 1781 and the Americans were finally free of Britain and able to establish their own government. This time is often referred to as the "American Enlightenment", as there were radical changes during this period of time. The fight to govern themselves, religious freedom, and better treatment of women were all results of this fight and revolutionary time.
2. The assigned readings illustrate the varied ways that Native Americans responded and reacted to Europeans/Americans and European/American social and political culture. How did Native Americans respond and react to Europeans/Americans and European/American culture from initial contact to the Civil War?
The first contact with the Native Americans was in the beginning of the sixteenth century according to the Out of Many text book. Columbus expected that the Indians would provide labor for the Europeans, but he was surprised to return to Hispaniola and find his fort destroyed and his men killed by the Native Americans. The Native Americans had lost their patience with all the demands that the Europeans were putting on them. This was surprising to him because initially, the Native Americans seemed very naive and trusting, and they seemed rather compliant with the requests of the Europeans.
Essentially, the Native Americans were made into slaves for the Europeans. It was suppose to be a reciprocal relationship with the Spanish lords protecting the Indians, in return for the manual labor from the Indians, but in actuality it was slavery.
Bartolome de Las Casas described Native Americans as "the simplest people in the world- unassuming, long-suffering, unassertive and submissive" (Destruction of the Indies 1). Upon initial contact with the European and Americans, the Indians were very trusting and generous. They had no reason to act in any other manner towards these people because they had never before been in contact with them and experienced their treatment. As time went on though, the Native Americans became more hostile towards the Europeans and Americans.
The reasons for the change in attitude are many. One major reason for the hostility and hatred was because of all the diseases that the European and Americans brought over with them. They were diseases that the Native Americans had never experienced, such as influenza, plague, smallpox, typhus and measles. These diseases wiped out a number of tribes and significantly decreased the numbers within other tribes.
The British became deceitful and were taking advantage of the Native Americans. For example, in the 1760's, the British at Fort Pitt have blankets from the smallpox hospital to Delaware Indians as a form of germ warfare. The Native Americans received these blankets from the British as a gift, a token of friendship you could say. But the British had no intention of showing good will to the Native Americans.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by congress on May 26, 1830. Andrew Jackson signed this bill into law after four months of debate over the issue. Land greed was one of the main reasons for the government's approval of this act. This act created more hate and dislike from the Native Americans towards the European and American people and their government.
In 1836, the letter from Chief John Ross of the Cherokee, he states "We are stripped of every attribute of freedom and eligibility for legal self-defense...We are deprived of membership in the human family". He goes on in his letter to talk about how they don't have land or a home to call their own. His letter describes how distraught the Native Americans were over this major life change. He felt that the removal was conducted under false pretences, as he states that it was in violation of a special injunction of the general council of the nation, and was enacted with a false treaty.
Samuel's memory relays the experiences of one young child on the "trail of tears". He shares his very personal experiences of being herded like cattle and treated like animals. According to his story, people were not allowed to gather any possessions before they were required to leave. They were in short supply of clothing and blankets and he recalls spending many nights hungry and cold. "My mother holds me at night to keep me warm. That is the only time I feel safe" (Samuel's Memory, 1). They were marched through the mountains and then herded into a stockade where they meet up with other members of their clan. They were locked in these stockades for several months, whereafter they are marched west to join another clan of Indians, the Western Cherokees. Samuel feels a very passionate hate towards the white soldiers. "I hate those white soldiers who took us from our home. I hate the soldiers who make us keep walking through the snow and ice toward this new home that none of us ever wanted" (Samuel's Memory, 2).
The Native Americans felt deceived and that their removal was conducted under dishonest conditions. A number of them pleaded to the human side of the American congress, of which it appears there was none at the time.
More often than not during the revolutionary war, Native Americans often found themselves in a predicament where they had to choose sides. The American Military regarded all Native Americans as "savages" and murdered many influential Native American leaders. This drove the Native American people into the "...arms of the British" (Calloway, 147). The literature in Calloway is very clear that this was not the case across the board. Not all Native Americans joined in the British cause. As a result, the revolutionary war split the unity of many Native American nations. At the end of the revolutionary war, the British and Americans signed the Peace of Paris in 1783, forgetting to involve the Native Americans who had been allies and enemies to both sides. Native American lands were handed over to the United States by the British, and the Indians were left to deal with the American encroachment upon their lands and resources.
In hindsight, the Native Americans realized that their alliance with the Americans caused them incredible hardships. Though, those who attempted to remain neutral were often left in the same situation as those who choose to become allies to either side, "But the Revolution was a conflict that tolerated no neutrality...and their allegiance to the Americans caused them tremendous suffering" (Calloway, 148). Many Native Americans were troubled by what was going on in America, nevertheless, they did all they could to remain neutral. They preferred that the white people settle their own disputes among themselves, and not involve the Native Americans, who have no part in the dispute. In the Speech to Governor Trumbull, the Oneida Native American states, "we are unwilling to join on either side in such a contest, for we bear an equal affection to both you old and New England" (Calloway, 149), making very clear the position they wish to take in this war.
Mary Jemison shares her view of the revolution, reflecting on a time when the Native Americans lived "quietly and peaceably at home..." (Calloway, 157). In the beginning of the revolutionary war, they were sent for by Chiefs and members of the Six Nations, as well as by the people of the States, to participate in a general council. The Indians obeyed this request and the general council took place. According to Mary Jemison, the Six Nations agreed that if war did break out, the Native Americans would not be required to choose either side, they would be allowed to remain neutral. This agreement satisfied the people of the States.
About a year after this initial general council meeting, the Native Americans were called upon by the British, who were requesting their (Native Americans) attendance at another general council meeting. The Native Americans informed the British that they had previously made a treaty with the people of the states and that they would not violate that treaty by siding with the British. The British then manipulated them, telling them that those in the states were few in number and easily defeated. They swayed the Native Amerians by promising that if they would "assist in the war, and preserve in their friendship to the king, till it was closed, [they] should never want for money or goods" (Calloway, 158). As a result of this general council meeting, the Indian Chiefs signed a treaty with the British Commissioners whereby they would take up arms against the Americans and serve his Majesty until the war was ended.
The Indian nation was devastated by the revolutionary war. It caused fighting and discontent among the various Tribes, and resulted in many injuries and deaths
3. We have read a number of documents regarding western expansion. What were the political and social reasons for western expansion?
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to Congress requesting an expedition into the area west of the Mississippi River all the way to the Pacific Ocean. The need for this secret message was because France owned the territory he wanted to explore and such an expedition could/would be considered trespassing.
Lewis and Clark set out in 1804 to explore the Missouri River, in order to find the most direct and practical water communication across the continent for the purposes of commerce.
Many people felt that the soil they lived upon was the soil of their blood, sweat and tears and they felt a very great need to own land. Part of the need for western expansion was the necessity of land for the expanding population. More and more people were interested in owning land, but there wasn't an ample amount available for them to own. The government saw this expansion as one way to resolve this problem.
The Burlend family moved from England to Pike County Illinois because they resented the high rent that they paid for their farm. They had heard wonderful stories of farm ownership in the United States and desired to own their own property here. This family is just one example of why western expansion became not only desirable but necessary due to the influx of population coming to the United States. Many families also heard wonderful stories about the wealth and riches available to the in the United States, and that one could easily obtain rights to property.
The California Gold Rush of 1848-1855 was another major reason for western expansion. As news of the gold discovery was relayed around the world, some 300,000 people entered California (from the United States and from abroad) in an attempt to become wealthy. San Francisco grew from a tiny dot on the map to a huge town complete with roads, schools, and churches.
Another reason for the westward expansion was "Manifest Destiny" which is the 19th century belief that the United States had a mission to expand and spread democracy and freedom. This term was first utilized by democrats during Jackson's tenancy in the 1840's and was utilized to promote the annexation of the Oregon Territory, Texas and the Mexican Cession. This term was again revived in the 1890's, this time with republican support.
"Their land is spacious and void, and there are few and [they] do but run over the grass, as do also the foxes and wild beasts" (Out of Many 43).
According to Jefferson's message to congress, the Indians had been growing more and more uneasy with the distribution of territory that they occupied. Jefferson believed that it was necessary to move the Indians from the areas near the Mississsippi. The government wanted the lands on the eastern border, much of which was occupied by the Indians.
4. Over the quarter we have read numerous documents regarding the changing position of women in American history to 1877. How did the social and political position of women change over the course of early American history to 1877?
In 1637, Anne Hutchinson was seen as a sinner and was discussing matters "not tolerable nor comely in the sight of God nor fitting for your sex" (Anne Hutchinson 1) according to Mr. John Winthrop, Governor during that time. Women were required to be subservient to their husbands and were not allowed to speak their mind, or speak freely. Men were considered the governor of their affairs and made all decisions regarding the family. John Winthrop was questioning Anne Hutchinson about causing a disturbance among the peace of the church, and she was known as a "Woman that hat had great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are the cause of this trouble" (Anne Hutchinson, 1). She was questioned and accused of contradicting the church and improvising upon the church's founding ideals. During this time, women who were outspoken like this, or who challenged the authority of the men in their lives, were usually considered witches. She was accused of holding a meeting in her home that was condemned by the general assembly. She was brought to the Court at Newton in order to either correct her for her erroneous ways, so that she could become a profitable member of her community or to take care of her in such a manner that she causes the community no more trouble.
As time went on, many women had the opportunity to assumed leadership roles within their family farms and businesses as the men were called away to wars. In 1778, Mary Ludwig Hays earned herself the nickname of "Molly Pitcher" due to her courage in bringing water to the Patriots during a battle. Then, when her husband was overcome with heat, she took his position at the cannon. This was the beginning of very small changes for women.
Jan Lewis describes an era where people "held up the loving partnership of man and wife in opposition to patriarchal dominion as the republican model for social and political relationships" (The Republican Wife, 689). The period of time from 1775-1815 was a changing and growing time in America. Jan Lewis talks of education for women, and of how they fulfill roles of not only motherhood, but also of being a wife-much more than just a mother. During Jan Lewis' time, fathers were recommending and allowing their daughters to pick their mates, something that was previously decided for the daughter by her father. The education of women became a large "movement" during this time and women became more of a foundation for their families and in turn, for the nation. They were no longer seen primarily as sinners and weren't governed so strictly by the men in their lives.
In 1787 Benjamin Rush shares his thoughts on Female education. These thoughts were not the most popular of his time. He felt that there was a strong need for Women to be educated so that they could fulfill their duties as mothers, for the reality was that a portion of the instruction of their children falls on both the mother and father, and those women would need to assist in instructing their sons in the principles of liberty and government. Additionally, it was and is important to be educated to allow citizens to employ themselves in various occupations which would advance their income (and very possibly their class). He felt that knowledge of the English language was essential and that she be not only able to read it, but also to speak and spell correctly. He also felt that knowledge of bookkeeping was necessary so that she may assist her husband, and that if she should survive him, that she could successfully run his estate. He understood that the "elevation of the female mind, by means or moral, physical, and religious truth" (Benjamin Rush, 7) was not favored by many at that time in society. Nevertheless, he stressed that a "weak and ignorant woman will always be governed with the greatest of difficulty" (Benjamin Rush, 7), and retained that as his main argument for the education of Women.
In 1795, Emma Willard vocalized her thoughts on Female Education and the improvement of such. She boldly states, "Unprovided with the means of acquiring that knowledge, which flows liberally to the other sex-having our times of education devoted to frivolous acquirements, how should we understand the nature of the mind so as to be aware of the importance of those early impressions, which we make upon the minds of our children?" She emphasizes that our highest responsibility is to God, and that the education of women should be directed as such.
It is clear from the document, "A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841" that Catherine Beecher believes very strongly in the assertion of power among women, and of the importance of women in society. She believes that women helped to create a foundation for men and that we are all created equally and therefore equally entitled to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" (A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841). She refers to scriptures from the Bible to defend her stance, stating that the "Supreme Lawgiver" requires that each person shall take into account the happiness of others equal to how they consider their own happiness. She likens the principals of democracy to the principles of Christianity.
She believes that in order for this to occur, for each individual to be able to pursue their own happiness, a system of laws must exist. There must be superior and inferior components (such as husband and wife, parent and child, employer and employee). She then goes on to discuss who shall take which positions. Some are "decided by the Creator" (A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841, 1) such as the relationship between parents and children, and the other "positions" are chosen by the individual.
Later in the document, she states that "...it is in America, alone, that women are raised to an equality with the other sex; and that, both in theory and practice, their interests are regarded as of equal value" (A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841, 2). Catherine Beecher believes strongly that an educated woman will secure the interests of the whole family, that if women of a country are made virtuous and intelligent, that the men will also be the same. She seems to feel that even though men are superior, women are the strength that holds them (men) up, and keeps them together- that women are the foundation of all the success.
The Declaration of Setiments states that all men and women are created equal and than whenever any form of government becomes self destructive, it is the right and the responsibility of those who are suffering to refuse to abide by it. The Declaration gives us, as citizens of the United States, power and knowledge that we have such rights. The Declaration discusses the history of mankind regarding the relationship between men and women, and lists offences/grievances which have occurred to the women, and then lists resolutions to these grievances/offences. This Declaration seems to open a new path for women, calling them equal to men, especially since the Declaration also asserted that men and women should have equal rights and treatment, as well as equal education. It elaborated on much of what Catherine Beecher spoke/wrote of about women's rights and women as the foundation of the success of their men.
<i>"You are missing some important ideas, but this is a good start as it allows you to sift through what needs to stay, what needs to be changed, what needs to be added, and what needs to be further explained. Keep thinking about these questions and expand on the big-picture ideas behind these questions. What connections can you make? What do these specific ideas mean and why are they important/significant? And, focus a bit more on the interpretation part of these questions (see final exam), as this is the most important part of the final."</i>
I don't understand what I'm missing or the big picture ideas she wants me to expand on. If anyone can think of anything, I WELCOME it!!! Thanks
1. Many historians compare and contrast Puritan times to what is known as the revolutionary times (American enlightenment and American Revolution). Compare and contrast Puritan culture with the revolutionary culture. What differences do you see in the societal emphases of both times?
During the early and mid 1600's, Puritans believed that God had supreme authority over human affairs, especially within the church. This line of thinking forced them to pursue moral purity as well as religious purity. The writings contained within the Bible were the origin of many Puritan cultural ideas, specifically regarding the roles of men and women in their society. In the Puritan society, both men and women carried the "stain" of sin, although the Puritans believed that Eve's corruption extended to all women and that justified their "poor" treatment of women within the church. The puritan society had very little tolerance for other religious views.
John Winthrop's writing, "A Model of Christian Charity", written in 1630 outlines the manner in which a Puritan citizen should follow. It is his belief that "God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, as in all times some must be rich some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity; others mean and in subjection" (1) and he believes this because each person needs to do the work of God, and will not be made "more honorable than another or more wealthy, etc. out of any particular and singular respect to himself but for the glory of his Creator" (John Winthrop 1). The Puritan's values, beliefs and daily actions were all in accordance with their interpretation of God's will and his writings in scripture.
During the revolutionary times of the late 1700's (1775-1783), many religions were attracted to the ideas of the new America. While the Puritan times focused so heavily on one religion, the concept behind the American Revolution was freeness of government and freeness of self. During revolutionary times, they just wanted to be able to govern themselves and their new society without interference from the monarchy. "No taxation without representation" was coined in the period from 1763-1775, which relayed the number one complaint that American colonists had. They were vocal and publically demonstrated their opinion about the taxes that were imposed by Parliament without the consent of the colonists. They argued that this taxation violated the rights of Englishmen. This was because the colonies had no representation in Parliament, although the British argued that they were "virtually" represented-which they (the British) argued was satisfactory for the term "representation". The revolutionary period was a much more liberal period compared to the Puritan times. There were a number of colonists fighting for and voicing their opinions about rules being imposed upon them. This fighting and voicing of opinions is something that would not be allowed during Puritan times.
In order to become a member of a church, the Puritan church required that its members not only lead godly lives but they must also demonstrate that they have experienced true evidence of the workings of God. They had to give an account of this experience before they could be given full church membership. Because women were not permitted to speak in church after 1636, they could not share their experiences. This gave the Puritan men a strong upper-hand in the society, not just within the church. Although women were by no means considered equal to men during the revolutionary period, they had many more freedoms and liberties than their female counterparts in Puritan times.
The Puritans believed that each person should be continually reformed by the grace of God, and that they must lead an obedient and humble life. The revolutionary times gave a number of opportunities for religious freedom and respect was given to/for a variety of beliefs.
Cotton Mather described an opinion of the Puritan society regarding women who failed to regularly attend church. It was believed that they were witches and that they should be hung. Women in this time were often asked if they believed in God, and were asked to recite the Lords prayer. Doing so would allow those in question to either free themselves of the accusations brought against them, or damn themselves to conviction. During the revolutionary period, women were not scrutinized so closely. Church attendance became more of an option and a number of different religious beliefs were introduced, practiced and respected.
In Out of Many, the Puritans are described as the English followers of John Calvin and that their purpose was to reform and purify the English church. Puritans stressed the importance of order within the community, and social status was very important to this culture. They often participated in the selection of mates for their children, and the children were usually married off respective to their birth order. The revolutionary times were so very different from the Puritan times. The revolutionary period was all about changes and doing things differently, there weren't "witch hunts" against women who spoke out or didn't attend church, and women were allowed many more liberties and freedoms than they had during the Puritan times.
The American Revolution began in 1775 (also known as the War of Independence). The tensions between the British and Americans during this time lead to the writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The British finally surrendered on October 19, 1781 and the Americans were finally free of Britain and able to establish their own government. This time is often referred to as the "American Enlightenment", as there were radical changes during this period of time. The fight to govern themselves, religious freedom, and better treatment of women were all results of this fight and revolutionary time.
2. The assigned readings illustrate the varied ways that Native Americans responded and reacted to Europeans/Americans and European/American social and political culture. How did Native Americans respond and react to Europeans/Americans and European/American culture from initial contact to the Civil War?
The first contact with the Native Americans was in the beginning of the sixteenth century according to the Out of Many text book. Columbus expected that the Indians would provide labor for the Europeans, but he was surprised to return to Hispaniola and find his fort destroyed and his men killed by the Native Americans. The Native Americans had lost their patience with all the demands that the Europeans were putting on them. This was surprising to him because initially, the Native Americans seemed very naive and trusting, and they seemed rather compliant with the requests of the Europeans.
Essentially, the Native Americans were made into slaves for the Europeans. It was suppose to be a reciprocal relationship with the Spanish lords protecting the Indians, in return for the manual labor from the Indians, but in actuality it was slavery.
Bartolome de Las Casas described Native Americans as "the simplest people in the world- unassuming, long-suffering, unassertive and submissive" (Destruction of the Indies 1). Upon initial contact with the European and Americans, the Indians were very trusting and generous. They had no reason to act in any other manner towards these people because they had never before been in contact with them and experienced their treatment. As time went on though, the Native Americans became more hostile towards the Europeans and Americans.
The reasons for the change in attitude are many. One major reason for the hostility and hatred was because of all the diseases that the European and Americans brought over with them. They were diseases that the Native Americans had never experienced, such as influenza, plague, smallpox, typhus and measles. These diseases wiped out a number of tribes and significantly decreased the numbers within other tribes.
The British became deceitful and were taking advantage of the Native Americans. For example, in the 1760's, the British at Fort Pitt have blankets from the smallpox hospital to Delaware Indians as a form of germ warfare. The Native Americans received these blankets from the British as a gift, a token of friendship you could say. But the British had no intention of showing good will to the Native Americans.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by congress on May 26, 1830. Andrew Jackson signed this bill into law after four months of debate over the issue. Land greed was one of the main reasons for the government's approval of this act. This act created more hate and dislike from the Native Americans towards the European and American people and their government.
In 1836, the letter from Chief John Ross of the Cherokee, he states "We are stripped of every attribute of freedom and eligibility for legal self-defense...We are deprived of membership in the human family". He goes on in his letter to talk about how they don't have land or a home to call their own. His letter describes how distraught the Native Americans were over this major life change. He felt that the removal was conducted under false pretences, as he states that it was in violation of a special injunction of the general council of the nation, and was enacted with a false treaty.
Samuel's memory relays the experiences of one young child on the "trail of tears". He shares his very personal experiences of being herded like cattle and treated like animals. According to his story, people were not allowed to gather any possessions before they were required to leave. They were in short supply of clothing and blankets and he recalls spending many nights hungry and cold. "My mother holds me at night to keep me warm. That is the only time I feel safe" (Samuel's Memory, 1). They were marched through the mountains and then herded into a stockade where they meet up with other members of their clan. They were locked in these stockades for several months, whereafter they are marched west to join another clan of Indians, the Western Cherokees. Samuel feels a very passionate hate towards the white soldiers. "I hate those white soldiers who took us from our home. I hate the soldiers who make us keep walking through the snow and ice toward this new home that none of us ever wanted" (Samuel's Memory, 2).
The Native Americans felt deceived and that their removal was conducted under dishonest conditions. A number of them pleaded to the human side of the American congress, of which it appears there was none at the time.
More often than not during the revolutionary war, Native Americans often found themselves in a predicament where they had to choose sides. The American Military regarded all Native Americans as "savages" and murdered many influential Native American leaders. This drove the Native American people into the "...arms of the British" (Calloway, 147). The literature in Calloway is very clear that this was not the case across the board. Not all Native Americans joined in the British cause. As a result, the revolutionary war split the unity of many Native American nations. At the end of the revolutionary war, the British and Americans signed the Peace of Paris in 1783, forgetting to involve the Native Americans who had been allies and enemies to both sides. Native American lands were handed over to the United States by the British, and the Indians were left to deal with the American encroachment upon their lands and resources.
In hindsight, the Native Americans realized that their alliance with the Americans caused them incredible hardships. Though, those who attempted to remain neutral were often left in the same situation as those who choose to become allies to either side, "But the Revolution was a conflict that tolerated no neutrality...and their allegiance to the Americans caused them tremendous suffering" (Calloway, 148). Many Native Americans were troubled by what was going on in America, nevertheless, they did all they could to remain neutral. They preferred that the white people settle their own disputes among themselves, and not involve the Native Americans, who have no part in the dispute. In the Speech to Governor Trumbull, the Oneida Native American states, "we are unwilling to join on either side in such a contest, for we bear an equal affection to both you old and New England" (Calloway, 149), making very clear the position they wish to take in this war.
Mary Jemison shares her view of the revolution, reflecting on a time when the Native Americans lived "quietly and peaceably at home..." (Calloway, 157). In the beginning of the revolutionary war, they were sent for by Chiefs and members of the Six Nations, as well as by the people of the States, to participate in a general council. The Indians obeyed this request and the general council took place. According to Mary Jemison, the Six Nations agreed that if war did break out, the Native Americans would not be required to choose either side, they would be allowed to remain neutral. This agreement satisfied the people of the States.
About a year after this initial general council meeting, the Native Americans were called upon by the British, who were requesting their (Native Americans) attendance at another general council meeting. The Native Americans informed the British that they had previously made a treaty with the people of the states and that they would not violate that treaty by siding with the British. The British then manipulated them, telling them that those in the states were few in number and easily defeated. They swayed the Native Amerians by promising that if they would "assist in the war, and preserve in their friendship to the king, till it was closed, [they] should never want for money or goods" (Calloway, 158). As a result of this general council meeting, the Indian Chiefs signed a treaty with the British Commissioners whereby they would take up arms against the Americans and serve his Majesty until the war was ended.
The Indian nation was devastated by the revolutionary war. It caused fighting and discontent among the various Tribes, and resulted in many injuries and deaths
3. We have read a number of documents regarding western expansion. What were the political and social reasons for western expansion?
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to Congress requesting an expedition into the area west of the Mississippi River all the way to the Pacific Ocean. The need for this secret message was because France owned the territory he wanted to explore and such an expedition could/would be considered trespassing.
Lewis and Clark set out in 1804 to explore the Missouri River, in order to find the most direct and practical water communication across the continent for the purposes of commerce.
Many people felt that the soil they lived upon was the soil of their blood, sweat and tears and they felt a very great need to own land. Part of the need for western expansion was the necessity of land for the expanding population. More and more people were interested in owning land, but there wasn't an ample amount available for them to own. The government saw this expansion as one way to resolve this problem.
The Burlend family moved from England to Pike County Illinois because they resented the high rent that they paid for their farm. They had heard wonderful stories of farm ownership in the United States and desired to own their own property here. This family is just one example of why western expansion became not only desirable but necessary due to the influx of population coming to the United States. Many families also heard wonderful stories about the wealth and riches available to the in the United States, and that one could easily obtain rights to property.
The California Gold Rush of 1848-1855 was another major reason for western expansion. As news of the gold discovery was relayed around the world, some 300,000 people entered California (from the United States and from abroad) in an attempt to become wealthy. San Francisco grew from a tiny dot on the map to a huge town complete with roads, schools, and churches.
Another reason for the westward expansion was "Manifest Destiny" which is the 19th century belief that the United States had a mission to expand and spread democracy and freedom. This term was first utilized by democrats during Jackson's tenancy in the 1840's and was utilized to promote the annexation of the Oregon Territory, Texas and the Mexican Cession. This term was again revived in the 1890's, this time with republican support.
"Their land is spacious and void, and there are few and [they] do but run over the grass, as do also the foxes and wild beasts" (Out of Many 43).
According to Jefferson's message to congress, the Indians had been growing more and more uneasy with the distribution of territory that they occupied. Jefferson believed that it was necessary to move the Indians from the areas near the Mississsippi. The government wanted the lands on the eastern border, much of which was occupied by the Indians.
4. Over the quarter we have read numerous documents regarding the changing position of women in American history to 1877. How did the social and political position of women change over the course of early American history to 1877?
In 1637, Anne Hutchinson was seen as a sinner and was discussing matters "not tolerable nor comely in the sight of God nor fitting for your sex" (Anne Hutchinson 1) according to Mr. John Winthrop, Governor during that time. Women were required to be subservient to their husbands and were not allowed to speak their mind, or speak freely. Men were considered the governor of their affairs and made all decisions regarding the family. John Winthrop was questioning Anne Hutchinson about causing a disturbance among the peace of the church, and she was known as a "Woman that hat had great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are the cause of this trouble" (Anne Hutchinson, 1). She was questioned and accused of contradicting the church and improvising upon the church's founding ideals. During this time, women who were outspoken like this, or who challenged the authority of the men in their lives, were usually considered witches. She was accused of holding a meeting in her home that was condemned by the general assembly. She was brought to the Court at Newton in order to either correct her for her erroneous ways, so that she could become a profitable member of her community or to take care of her in such a manner that she causes the community no more trouble.
As time went on, many women had the opportunity to assumed leadership roles within their family farms and businesses as the men were called away to wars. In 1778, Mary Ludwig Hays earned herself the nickname of "Molly Pitcher" due to her courage in bringing water to the Patriots during a battle. Then, when her husband was overcome with heat, she took his position at the cannon. This was the beginning of very small changes for women.
Jan Lewis describes an era where people "held up the loving partnership of man and wife in opposition to patriarchal dominion as the republican model for social and political relationships" (The Republican Wife, 689). The period of time from 1775-1815 was a changing and growing time in America. Jan Lewis talks of education for women, and of how they fulfill roles of not only motherhood, but also of being a wife-much more than just a mother. During Jan Lewis' time, fathers were recommending and allowing their daughters to pick their mates, something that was previously decided for the daughter by her father. The education of women became a large "movement" during this time and women became more of a foundation for their families and in turn, for the nation. They were no longer seen primarily as sinners and weren't governed so strictly by the men in their lives.
In 1787 Benjamin Rush shares his thoughts on Female education. These thoughts were not the most popular of his time. He felt that there was a strong need for Women to be educated so that they could fulfill their duties as mothers, for the reality was that a portion of the instruction of their children falls on both the mother and father, and those women would need to assist in instructing their sons in the principles of liberty and government. Additionally, it was and is important to be educated to allow citizens to employ themselves in various occupations which would advance their income (and very possibly their class). He felt that knowledge of the English language was essential and that she be not only able to read it, but also to speak and spell correctly. He also felt that knowledge of bookkeeping was necessary so that she may assist her husband, and that if she should survive him, that she could successfully run his estate. He understood that the "elevation of the female mind, by means or moral, physical, and religious truth" (Benjamin Rush, 7) was not favored by many at that time in society. Nevertheless, he stressed that a "weak and ignorant woman will always be governed with the greatest of difficulty" (Benjamin Rush, 7), and retained that as his main argument for the education of Women.
In 1795, Emma Willard vocalized her thoughts on Female Education and the improvement of such. She boldly states, "Unprovided with the means of acquiring that knowledge, which flows liberally to the other sex-having our times of education devoted to frivolous acquirements, how should we understand the nature of the mind so as to be aware of the importance of those early impressions, which we make upon the minds of our children?" She emphasizes that our highest responsibility is to God, and that the education of women should be directed as such.
It is clear from the document, "A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841" that Catherine Beecher believes very strongly in the assertion of power among women, and of the importance of women in society. She believes that women helped to create a foundation for men and that we are all created equally and therefore equally entitled to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" (A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841). She refers to scriptures from the Bible to defend her stance, stating that the "Supreme Lawgiver" requires that each person shall take into account the happiness of others equal to how they consider their own happiness. She likens the principals of democracy to the principles of Christianity.
She believes that in order for this to occur, for each individual to be able to pursue their own happiness, a system of laws must exist. There must be superior and inferior components (such as husband and wife, parent and child, employer and employee). She then goes on to discuss who shall take which positions. Some are "decided by the Creator" (A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841, 1) such as the relationship between parents and children, and the other "positions" are chosen by the individual.
Later in the document, she states that "...it is in America, alone, that women are raised to an equality with the other sex; and that, both in theory and practice, their interests are regarded as of equal value" (A Treatise on Domestic Economy 1841, 2). Catherine Beecher believes strongly that an educated woman will secure the interests of the whole family, that if women of a country are made virtuous and intelligent, that the men will also be the same. She seems to feel that even though men are superior, women are the strength that holds them (men) up, and keeps them together- that women are the foundation of all the success.
The Declaration of Setiments states that all men and women are created equal and than whenever any form of government becomes self destructive, it is the right and the responsibility of those who are suffering to refuse to abide by it. The Declaration gives us, as citizens of the United States, power and knowledge that we have such rights. The Declaration discusses the history of mankind regarding the relationship between men and women, and lists offences/grievances which have occurred to the women, and then lists resolutions to these grievances/offences. This Declaration seems to open a new path for women, calling them equal to men, especially since the Declaration also asserted that men and women should have equal rights and treatment, as well as equal education. It elaborated on much of what Catherine Beecher spoke/wrote of about women's rights and women as the foundation of the success of their men.